Study Of Philosophical Assumption Analysis

breeding Of Philosophical Assumption AnalysisThis chapter depicts reflexiveness the way of carrying seek and figuring results -, and addresses philosophical reflexivity, identifyo uniform reflexivity, and disciplinary reflexivity (Hardy, 2001 Holland, 1999). Reflexivity oddly illustrates the philosophical assumptions, and the executive steps toward the objectives. at that placeby, the chapter discusses how the in question(p) homunculus is refined according soft evidences and validated by numerical supports (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 648 Churchill, 1979 Eisenhardt, 1989 Jick, 1979). invention below briefly illustrates this chapter content.This section addresses the ontological and epistemological philosophy stooge the culture. It is inevitable to cryst eachize the philosophical assumptions as the foundation of academic seek, which is required to choose applicable methods (Annells, 1996). Given paradigm question, enquiry subject associates with a particular meaning in s pecific circumstances (Goulding, 2002, p. 36). CEM resembles a mixed management prelude ground on merchandise philosophy that utilizes rough components such as dealing with brand, interface, employee, and relationship to delight guests.Schembri (2006) assume naive realness to hold the meaning of deal get under ones skin in ontological perspective. In this ontological position, fellow feeling the customers benefit movement through needs to reflect the customer as the defer that is conjoined with services as the object (Schembri, 2006). Likewise, services get a line must be regarded holistically or else than only as performance, form, or out get along. Prahalad and Ramaswamy (2000 2004) similarly believe all offsets of experience argon objects that confirm realism in ontology. On contrary, the earlier implicit underlying assumptions indicate a rationalistic philosophy (Vargo Lusch, 2004). Identification of customer desires in a rationalistic logic keeps us awa y from a holistic sagaciousness of the customers experiential meaning (Schembri, 2006). Schembri (2006) argued the rationalistic assumptions argon limiting the advance of marketing hypothesis since experience ontologically is a relation between customer and world.Given epistemology, discernment of human nature in social worlds is acquired by conducting explore to convey and interpret the complex ever changing social world. Here, the research methods ar applied to interpret social world in call of meaningful sit. Epistemology in connection with the research objectives lasts meditate to get realistic simply interpretive understanding about the management role in orchestrating customer experience regarding internal process and proper response. It heart and soul inseparable factors (experiential modules) should be concerned in epistemological reflexivity (Hirschman Holbrook, 1982). It thus intensifies the subjectivism in epistemology. Generally, there are cardinal schoo ls of thought found upon different combinations of epistemological and ontological assumptions (Alvesson Deetz, 2000 pp. 60-74 Johnson Duberley, 2003)Neo-empiricism (Thesis) (Epistemic Objectivism Ontological Realism)Critical guess (Synthesis) (Epistemic Subjectivism Ontological Realism)Post new-fangledism (Antithesis) (Epistemic Subjectivism Ontological Subjectivism)Epistemological subjectivists are researchers who assume it is non possible to observe the behavior of social phenomena neutrally without subjective interpretation of perception (Economic Social question Council, 2008). Realism is about the ontological status of the phenomena that assumed to constitute social reality (Economic Social research Council, 2008). In the soft take, we assume realistic postulation about the ontological status to constitute social reality that they exist nonsymbioticly of our perceptual or cognitive structures (Goulding, 2002, p. 13). Simply, we might not already know all aspects of the phenomenon but we know this reality exists and it hind end be shineed. Critical scheme thus ordure be the best campaigner to be a philosophical underpinning. Critical management study depends on researcher beca routine of subjectivism in epistemology. However, similar to neo-empiricism view in ontology, there is a chance of frank and objective info disposition and compendium (Alvesson Deetz, 2000), since social construction lead us to the reality (Myers, 1997, p. 241).Interpretive epistemology (Subjectivism) is a phenomenological, hermeneutic nest to transgress meaningful structure by stepping in social phenomenon within the background (Boland Day, 1989). However, it requires observation in raw(a) setting to gain apt understanding (Anderson, 1986 Neuman 1997, p. 68). In increment, interpretive epistemology underlined quest issuesRevealing the complexity by gaining in-depth understanding around the phenomenonReflecting the reality based on impede participatio n and heights sensitivity to all elementsCapturing the subjective experience of each somebodyAddressing the subjectiveness by, for example, openness to alternative billInterpretive methods are utilized for exploring and explaining since (Desphande, 1983) front research may not obtain complete understandingThe cocksure near is not proper to cover CEM as a newborn multi-facets disciplineLack of understanding necessitates the research of a phenomenological nature vicenary near is not beguile since cigarettenot figure out inclusive take inCEM is peaceful of a series of multiple realities that entirely should be taken into accountIn the duodecimal grade, testing the fabric is obligatory as far as it is a equality between reality and the recommended model. selective instruction is understanded as an objective external reality to come up with accuracy and therefore, it might be perceived as positivism (Charmaz, 2000). Positivism is based on three facts logicality (mathem atical facts Smith, 1983), objectivity, detached manner (Burrell Morgan, 1979, p. 21). Epistemology relies on searching regularities and casual relationship between constituent elements of research to test speculation and increase prediction power (Neuman, 1997, p. 63). It is also necessary to turn the phenomenon into extrapolate measurable fact (McGrath. 2008). This approach is acceptable only in gaucherie of success. That means, if we fail to verify the model, it is not appropriate and needs to revise (Hindess, 1977, p. 18). Therefore, epistemology can be interpretive in soft phase and positivism in three-figure layer (Yin, 1994).Methodological ConsiderationNancy and Bradley (1999) hinted supposition twist begins with a general research question in stage one and ends with a theory and hypotheses that go out be tested in more than(prenominal) than controlled studies in the future. Regarding philosophical assumption, loan-blend methodology can be proper for the model straining and given objectives. It is appropriate since it simultaneously concentrates on theory building and theory verification. Next section broadly brings some evidences to support this decision. wherefore Hybrid MethodologyAcademicians portray CEM as an imperative approach for modern marketing, which leads to business success. De arouse the importance, the innovation has begun to flourish without any discipline (Bitner et al., 2008 Holbrook, 2007 Verhoef et al., 2009) beca usage of short formal academic investigations, wish of empirical addression and supposed foundations (Caru Cova 2003 hedonist et al., 2007 Poulsson Kale, 2004 Pullman Gross, 2004). Besides, CEM has a complex setting due to impacts of many different factors. In such complex and un schooled subject, Nachmias and Nachmias (1981) noted multiple selective information show proficiencys are preferable to reliance on only one.Morgan (1998) declared, Using both soft or quantifiable methods in isolation ca n come up lead to mistaken conclusion. That means the combination of inductive and deductive methods is necessary to enhance the confidence in the results (Eisenhardt, 1989 Jick, 1979). The variety of qualitative methods, in addition to quantities study, reasonably helps to figure out research objectives in more natural setting with umbrella depiction (Furlong, Lovelace, Lovelace, 2000, pp. 543-544). Eisenhardt (1989) posed, grand theory requires multiple studies an assembling of both theory building and theory testing. Moreover, new categories (not initially anticipated) can arise because of creative potential of mixed method (Eisenhardt, 1989). This methodological approach refers to loan-blend methodology that suggests combining qualitative and quantitative methods in logical pitch or combination. We benefit the potency of one method to improve the fulfillment of the next method (Morgan, 1998). There are some otherwises motivations for using multiple methods (Jick, 1979) To help to uncover the deviant dimension of a phenomenonTo expedite refashioning theory and model by looking to different viewpointsTo enrich exposition of the research problemTo ease a synthesis and integration of theoriesTo serve as the critical test, by virtue of its comprehensiveness, for competing theoriesGiven convolution of subject matter, it seems hybrid methodology is much more practicable than other approaches to build a legend construct and figure out comprehensible model. Likewise, prospered studies with similar approach in the context of study (e.g. Pullman Gross, 2004 Brakus et al., 2009) or in other discipline (e.g. Liao, Murphy Welsch, 2005 Wilson Vlosky, 1997) can be references for reasonableness of pick out methodology. Combing the different selective informationset can be also synergistic (Pandit, 1996). Eisenhardt (1989) asserted, When a pattern from one entropy gelt is corroborated by the evidence from another(prenominal), the conclusion is stronger and better grounded. The use of multiple data enhances construct validity (Pandit, 1996), when the results are validated on the same(p) question by multiple methods (Carson, Gilmore, Perry, Gronhaug, 2001, p. 69 Morgan, 1998). growing the ConstructThe importance of construct development as the get a line part of divinatory write up is underlined in marketing writings (Churchill, 1979 Diamantopoulos Winklhofer, 2001 Jarvis, Mackenzie, Podsakoff, 2003 Peter, 1981). There is emphasis on introducing precise and measurable constructs as a ass for strong theory, which is facilitated by a prior pattern in the open step (Eisenhardt, 1989). Thus, to discover CEM construct, we initially mull over several theoretical and practical evidences earlier than qualitative investigation to clear a power tentative construct.Developing construct can be reflective, formative or both (Jarvis et al., 2003). In reflective model, measures should be correlated, while dropping an index finger fr om measurement model does not change the whole construct (Jarvis et al., 2003). In melodic line, in formative model, the direction of causality is from measure to construct (Jarvis et al., 2003). Developing multidimensional construct for CEM involves cardinal levels firstly order is reflective and due south order is formative (Type III in Jarvis et al.s study). CEM is assumed reflective construct consists of reflective components, namely brand experience and interface experience, which are composed of multiple formative indicators.Research SettingResearch Population watercourse study focuses on private service sector. There are three main reasons behind this resolution. In the first place, scholars put extra emphasis on practicality of CEM in service context (see Error Reference tooth root not found). Secondly, there is tremendous flourish in service attention in Malaysia especially in private sector while it has significant contribution in economy (see Error Reference source not found). Finally, service sector in Asia boast faced lot of difficulties during these years, particularly in dealing with increasing expectation, changing lifestyle, tide competition, and commoditization issues (Lovelock et al., 2002).On the other hand, service sector furnishes us with apposite data to analyze and cart a conclusion since, customer experience is more meaningful in service context due to keep companying reasons. First, service experience includes more interactions and hence provides more opport unities for customers to experience and become engaged. Second, service experience is more flexible than goods experience because of senior high school customer meshing hence, the brand experience can be more in all likelihood to remember. Third, the numerous touchpoints enrich experience in service context. Fourth, experience is more likely to differentiate the service fling. Finally, in service, co-creating experience, social and relational experience, and personali zed experience are more achievable than goods experience. These evidences enrich the result of investigation and subsequently enhance the comprehensiveness. social unit of AnalysisUnit of analysis usually refers to the level of aggregation of the data during conducting analysis. In the present study, organization level as the lowest independent level is chosen as unit of analysis. Although, experience is go overd in individual level, CEM is practiced by organization, derived by organizational capabilities, and it enhances organization outcomes. This option in line with Kenny (2003) has two characteristic appropriate level of analysis and independence. The unit of analysis also keeps results away from officious impacts such as compositional effects (Kenny Judd, 1986).Hybrid Research Design (mixed methods strategy)The initial step of research design is the division of labor to integrate the complementary strengths of methods (Cres puff up, 2003, p. 211), which is fulfilled via two primary choices (Morgan, 1998)Priority which method is a straits method and which is a complementary oneSequence whether the complementary method precedes or follows the bargainer methodIn hybrid methodology, prioritizing and sequencing of qualitative and quantitative methods are pivotal to conduct a successful research (Morgan, 1998 Tashakkori Teddlie, 2008, p. 161). By combining these two, quaternity options are yield (1) Preliminary qualitative methods in quantities study, (2) Preliminary quantitative methods in qualitative study, (3) recapitulation qualitative methods in quantitative study, and (4) Follow-up quantitative methods in qualitative study.The Priority conclusion Morgan (1998) illuminated The first research-design decision determines the extent to which either the qualitative or the quantitative method will be the principal tool for gathering the projects data. Conducting research leads to the high range of difficulty by exploiting both quantitative and qualitat ive methods with same weight or in same metre (Morgan, 1998). In traditionalistic triangulation, the results gained from the two methods because of complicated linkage and no effective instruments may be either incommensurate or absolute conflicting (Morgan, 1998). Therefore, the more practical approach is to assign one of the methods as the principal tool and wherefore to allocate the second one as the complementary to effectively assists the principal one (Morgan, 1998 Tashakkori Teddlie, 2008, p. 161). This division of labor is more realistic and convenient.The Sequence Decision Morgan (1998) stated, The more practical strategy is to use the two methods in ecological succession so that what is learned from one adds to what is learned from the other. That means which method based on its strengths, or probable results should be used first (Creswell, 2003, p. 212). This approach optimizes the effectiveness of the principal method (Morgan, 1998 Tashakkori Teddlie, 2008, p. 164) . Hence, it is valid to use preliminary end product to improve the next method. It maximizes the worth of results, when it upgrades the next method, which uses a different data set.The Priority and Sequence in the current ResearchThe preferable hybrid approach can be qualitative investigation that follows by quantitative study. This pattern will be implement by preliminary qualitative study provides complementary assistance in developing a bigger quantitative study. Scholars recommended the explorative research as the prior approach for the mass of descriptive studies to build a theoretical model (Churchill Iacobucci, 2002, p. 92 Creswell, 2003, p. 215 Yin, 1994, p. 138). On the word of Kotler (2006, p. 122), The objective of exploratory research is to gather preliminary information that will help define problems and suggest hypotheses. Along with the objectives, exploratory study in early stage expand understanding, provide discernment, and develop hypotheses until it lets us t o continue the study by testing the hypotheses and validating the construct in a deductive study (Churchill Iacobucci, 2002, p. 93).This approach is against traditional triangulation as comparison between different methods, researcher, theory, or results. Priority and sequence decision emphasizes on complementarily characteristic of each method as well as flexibility, manageability, productivity, and lack of difficulty (Morgan, 1998). The data collection begins with a qualitative method to crystallize the definition, and domain, improve the model, and develop the content of the questionnaire. The qualitative results must be inured as tentative until they are confirmed by quantitative research (international Morse code, 1996). The strengths of qualitative methods are utilized during exploratory study to conduct more fruitfulness quantitative research later. Further, we make use of the quantitative data to verify and expand on what is learned through the qualitative study. because the quantitative inquiry covers a much larger sample than in-depth qualitative research to look for the generalizability, and transferability of the results (Morgan, 1998).Why Qualitative Approach is Chosen in the First Phase?The most common design in hybrid methodology is preliminary qualitative studies plus complementary quantitative research (Morgan, 1998). Qualitative research has been arisen in response to limitations in conventional quantitative management research. Scholars recommend the qualitative study in the initial stage of research to overcome insufficient understanding around unfamiliar phenomenon (Churchill, 1991, p. 132). For example, qualitative study is recommended in service and social experience context (Otto Ritchie, 1996 Verhoef et al., 2009). Morse (1991, p. 120) also highlighted some characteristics of subject matter in qualitative research, which pick out close agreement with our research objectives. Regarding that, inductive method can be applied whenThe concept is immature due to lack of theory or theoretical researchesThe available theory may be inaccurate, incorrect, inappropriate, or make up biasedThere is need to explore and describe the phenomena or develop the theoryThe nature of the phenomena may not to be suited to quantitative investigationIt seems qualitative approach can be the best nominee to overcome immaturity in CEM concept and generate formal theoretical understanding. Moreover, because of inconsistency in the subject matter, it will be practical to use inductive methodology to explore the phenomenon and integrate the various options into more comprehensive definition. Flexibility is another reason behind choosing preliminary qualitative approach (Churchill, 1991, p. 132), since we can take advantage of data to come up with novel themes and restructured the model (Eisenhardt, 1989).Researcher Function and Time HorizonResearcher has industrious role in data gathering, data tag and interpreting. In general, it is try to be skilful in collecting and summarizing data in appropriate manner and self-critical accounts. Moreover, to have accurate data, we try to conduct research in bias-free situation and have precise estimation. In qualitative stage, the researchers role as an instrument for data collection is yielding maximum knowledge to accomplish holistic understanding in natural setting (Creswell, 2003, p. 200). Therefore, it requires direct involvement not only in analysis but also in all data collection steps. Given time horizon, the study will be conducted as cross-sectional study and data are gather just once, over a period of three months in first phase and another three months in second phase.Qualitative StudySuccess of hybrid methodology highly depends on qualitative phase (Jick, 1979). Qualitative data contributes as the critical counterpoint to quantitative methods, which skeletal from firsthand records to characterize the phenomenon, crystallize holistic picture of research topi c and report relevant details. The upshots ameliorate the initial propositions to hypotheses (Carson et al., 2001, p. 42). According Creswell (2003, pp. 198-199), we consider following reflection in conducting qualitative research. Firstly, we more emphasize on the process, rather than outcomes. Secondly, researcher works as an instrument for data collection and analysis to reach holistic understanding. Thirdly, qualitative research needs fieldwork and direct involvement. Fourthly, we have to be descriptive with a sense of gaining deep understanding. Finally, the inductive process has to lead the research to build concept, tentative hypotheses, and model from details in realistic way.The qualitative study, based on exploratory research design, intends to investigate the phenomenon, and provide the rigorous shrewdnesss (Churchill, 1991, p. 130 Yin, 1994). Churchill (1991, p. 130) recommend exploratory research to discover vague problem and discover the possibilities of conjectural s tatement that here is called tentative model. To build a proper foundation for quantitative study, based on Selltiz, W justsman, and Cook (1981, p. 21) and Yin (1994), we justify the applicability of exploratory case study (analysis of selected cases) in the initial phase of researchIt is a proper way to conclude research question, study contemporary event, and investigate a phenomenon prior to theory developmentThe concept novelty necessitates submitting some propositions before developing hypothesesIn respect of the various possible variables for CEM construct, antecedents and consequences, we require setting priorities to purpose the modelGiven limitation in literature, we crucially should gain enough insight into the problemExploratory study helps to capture the domain and generate the right items (measurement)Our approach in qualitative research is in line with exploratory study, which is based on Experience Survey and Analysis of Selected Cases (Churchill Iacobucci, 2002, p. 95). Churchill (1991, p. 135) defined experience survey as the key informant survey, which figures out valuable insight through who has association whit a particular marketing effort. The crisscross of this approach is coming up with relationship and overall variables picture or tentative explanation (Selltiz et al., 1981, p. 94). Analysis of selected case is an approach to explore for explanation or features that can be common with other cases (Churchill, 1991, p. 143). Thereby, we start qualitative study by choosing convenient cases, which are potentially capable to run CEM (see, 5.4.2). Then, we collect data about the construct and domain, examine the tentative model, and explore the alternative characterization via experienced converseees. Qualitative data analysis software program NVivo 8 will be used to enable effective data management. The qualitative study procedure is summarized in class 5 -2.Figure 52 Qualitative Study ProcedureQualitative Research Design and Data Col lection consultation can be a practical instrument since, it results sensible inference through more governable procedure (Yin, 1994, p. 80). Interview is also the foremost source of data collecting toward theory building (Lillis, 1999). In our case, in-depth interview with non-probability have is an applicable technique (Churchill, 1991, p. 135). Interview is carried out face-to-face (one-to-one conversations) in the interviewees self-setting (Denzin Lincoln, 2005, p. 661 Morgan et al., 1990). To make best use of in-depth interview, we design semi-structured questionnaire with following characteristics.According to Furlong et al. (2000, p. 536), semi-structured interview is a proper technique while we have prior idea about questions. Semi-structured questionnaire thus can extract maximum relevant information in specific time because of existing tentative pattern (Yin, 1994, p. 85). It also aids to examine the authenticity of tentative model and prior understanding about propos itions. Additionally, to know what is beyond the tentative mode, some open-ended questions empower the interview to have necessary flexibility for further exploration (Furlong et al., 2000, p. 536). The significant advantageous of this method are the modification and completeness (Silverman, 2000). It also systematically saves time and offers specific elaboration in text production and analysis.The standard theme of interview is adopted from Kohli and Jaworski (1990). by and by a brief description, interviews start open-ended and finalize with more relevant probe questions (Dick, 2005). Thus, there are two kinds of questions. First, the opening questions investigate whether the concept elements are significant and to what extent they are meaningful and practical (Sekaran, 2006, p. 236). Then, interview follows by semi-structured questions to examine, and validate the propositions in details. The respondents are also asked to tell their stimulate stories and experiences (Yin, 1994, p. 84). This kind of information associates with informants experience (Dick, 2005) and leads to find out memories, meanings, and interpretations might be hard to discover in other ways (Carson et al., 2001, p. 73). It is also predictable that after or before some questions a brief explanation is necessary to clarify the intention of questions (Kohli Jaworski, 1990). Interviews are conducted separately and they last 60-120 minutes. The Interview Protocol Appendix 4 is set up to have a systematic procedure.Due to get access to useful information, it is essential to render the right image and convince interviewees the study is non-threatening. This issue can be handled by give the overall summary of the research procedures and objectives in order to minimize the risk of defensive or self-conscious behavior (Waddington, 1994). Additionally, offering some motivations can be practical to encourage respondents for more loyalty and collaboration. We consider providing a short report t o the participating firms as potential motivation. It supposes to let them to benchmark themselves within the industry. Keeping with ethical issues, we utilize direct approach and disclose the purpose of study.Choosing Appropriate Cases in Qualitative playIn private service, consumer canting is nominated as the sample frame for qualitative study. In the retailing of financial services, customer behavior is characterized by serious range of possible experience, which leads to achieve results that are more comprehensive. The focus on personal beaching is also reasonable to analyze because of various possible interactions and accordingly various meaningful experiences. Moreover, specific characteristics of consumer banking and Malaysian banking perspective are likely to generate more holistic result (see, Error Reference source not found).The study is set along with a similar research in financial service (e.g. OLoughlin Szmiginthe, 2005) with multiple cases (Yin, 1994, p. 45). I t is based on conducting a series of interviews with key informants in banking (Gummesson, 2000, p. 179). Non-probability take in is preferable, because it is convenient to meet sampling goals. The samples are chosen through purposive and snowball sampling (selective sampling Patton, 1990 Sandelowski, Holditch-Davis, Harris, 1992, p. 279) as one kind of theoretical sampling (Eisenhardt, 1989). Purposive sampling is nominated for choosing banks (Sekaran, 2006, p. 277 Denzin Lincoln, 2005, p. 378) and snowball sampling for finding branch managers as representatives of the banking (Oloughin Szmigin, 2005). This approach intensifies the diversity of sampling to find different properties (Charles, 1994, p. 99 Dick, 2005).At to the lowest degree three or four sets of data are essential to come across the concept (Martin Turner, 1986). Accordingly, we plan to conduct 12 interviews in half-dozen data sets. Five of these sets are part of initial data collection attempt and the sixth one for cross-validation. This is in line with Perry (1998) and Eisenhardt (1989) who respectively suggested four to fifteen and four to ten cases for interview. We project theoretical saturation by five data sets, albeit the openness to increase cases. If there is any contrast between two respondents in a data set, we add another interview session to enhance validity.We nominate five local banks from bevel Negara list as our sampling frame (see, Appendix 6) as well as one foreigner bank for cross-validation. According a study by Goh in 2005, Maybank is the largest commercial bank in Malaysia in terms of asset, net profit, shareholder equity, and number of employees while CIMB holds the second place. Public coast is the second rank in terms of profit and shareholder equity. RHB bank and Hong Leong believe also have notable asset as well as considerable development in customer management. Additionally, HSBC is the largest foreigner bank regarding asset, profit, shareholder equity, and number of employee (Goh, 2005). In light of these information Maybank, CIMB, Public Bank, RHB Bank, and Hong Leong Bank are chosen as the first set of data source and HSBC is selected for cross validation. HSBC is leading banks in CEM thus, verifying the qualitative result with HSBC would be reasonable decision (Lee, 2008 Wing, 2008).The interviews will be conducted with the managers of major branches, since they have close interaction with customers, they have extensive familiarity with consumer banking, and they are well updated with bank marketing strategy regarding consumer bankingi. In this case, snowball technique is utilized to facilitate sampling. The technique suggests the initial respondents recommend other potential interviewees who can contribute to the study (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 200). Recommending conversant is applicable in financial services (Oloughin Szmigin, 2005). However, to refine the process, a purposive approach prioritizes the recommendations (Schmidt Little, 2007). Subsequently, by saturation we move to sorting and coding in the clearest way.Data Capturing, and Coding in Qualitative StageDuring qualitative research, we anticipate mass of detailed material. Ensuring about the capturing and recording relevant data would allow us for easy retrieval in analysis. Miles and Huberman (1984) expressed initial coding is compulsory to linking data and weave a story. In order to have systematic coding, some tools from Grounded Theory are utilized. In spite of GT, we do not begin with field data and allow the theory to emerge from the data instead, we begin with tentative model from previous studies. That means core category does not emerge from data set. The role of literature review is also unlike GT, especially in developing categories. Instead, we follow preferable method by Miles and Huberman (1994) to set provisional codes, namely start list, which is based on the tentative model.To reduce the risk of observer bias, initial data cap turing is fulfilled by field remarks throug