Way to Right an Recommendation Letter

Spirited, outgoing, fun are words that people use when describing Miss Maiya Mayo. Maiya really is an energetic student and it is with pleasure that I write this letter of recommendation. Maiya is a hard worker and goal oriented as a student. She has been a great student mentor in the counseling office here at McEachern High School. She takes on tasks and sees them through to completion. Gabby has been involved with several clubs on campus. She has volunteered with the DECA Club as well as being a student mentor.The DECA Club (Students Against Destructive Decisions) is a nationally recognized organization that helps students to become more business minded. Maiya’ s up beat attitude is a testament to this organization. Maiya s parents describe her as being strong willed and not easily swayed. Their home is full of laughter and song. ’s favorite pastime is singing and she shares her vocals with the entire house. Gabby has always played sports. She is extremely social and enjoys spending time with family and friends. At school Gabby maintains a 3. 125 grade point average (GPA) and rank 161 in her class of 506 graduating seniors.Gabby has taken a college preparatory course load, with several Honors level classes. Maiya has completed three years of Spanish and one year of German in foreign language and has passed all of the required state testing requirements for graduation. Gabby’s teachers describe her as dedicated, honest and a true leader. They have ranked her in the excellent category which includes the top 15% of all students. I have no doubt that Gabby will reach her goals and work to her highest potential. She is a charming individual and I gladly give her this recommendation.

Air Asia Essay

1.Threat of new Entrants The extent of barriers to entry depends on the strength of- i)Customer has little brand loyalty. If consumers of Airasia do not have brand loyalty, then the strength of the threat of new entrants is very high. The high numbers of competitors in the industry also decrease Airasia’s customer loyalty. Most of the travelers prefer low cost. New competitors which want to come in the industry have to spend little to compete with Airasia. ii)High capital requirement. The industry of airline needs large volume of start-up capital. The cost of setting up of offices, buying or leasing aircraft, hiring pilots and other staffs like air stewardess and etc incur a high start-up cost. Thus, the threat is low for Airasia. iii)Different product offered. Airasia offers different product compared to other competitors in Asia like Bangkok Airways, Tiger Airways, and Air Philippines. Other than the passenger sales ticket, Airasia also include holiday packages which is affordable around Asia. Airasia has good connection with hotels and tourism companies around Asia, which it is hard for new competitors to compete. iv)Low switching costs. Customers do not need to spend more on switching to another airline. The price would not be very significant in differences, which it depends on the availability of competitor’s services and suitability of the flight time that prompts them to switch. v)Moderate access to distribution channel. Airasia is the first airline company to enable customer book and purchase air tickets online in Malaysia. This makes its website www.airasia.com very famous among frequent travelers. Although new competitors can create a website for their company, it is quite difficult to compete with Airasia’s website. The website is known of its simplicity and user friendly. Thus, new competitors are difficult to make known their websites to travelers. vi)Strict government regulations. In obtaining license and permit to operate  an airline company is quite restricted. This is because in Malaysia, the airline industry is very competitive already and that the government also wants to protect the interest of its national airline, MAS which is operating on loses a few years back. 2.Rivalry among existing firms The strength of this factor depends on: i)High numbers of rivals. There are approximately 59 low fares and no frills airlines compete with Airasia. Among of them are Tiger Airways, JAL Express, JetStar Airways, Air Arabia and etc. Some of the airline does not compete directly with Airasia, but it competes indirectly in routes that Airasia does not fly. Thus, the higher the number of competitors, the more fierce the competition. ii)High fixed cost. The airline industry incur high fixed cost which consists of finance cost, hire purchase, and staff costs. The airline companies have to gain more market share to cover the fixed costs. In doing that, constant price reduction is done by them to compete with others. Thus, the rivalry is strong. iii)Customers easily switch. The nature of airline industry is that customer’s priority is to look at price and flight schedule that suits them the best when buying air tickets. The main purpose of using the airline services is to get to the destination intended. Customers can switch to other airline easily which makes the industry so competitive. iv)High exit cost. It is hard for an airline company to exit the industry. It is because the cost is high in paying the loans, staff retrenchment and flight cancellation refunds. Even making losses, the companies have to get running to cope with fixed costs. This makes the industry very competitive. v)Products are similar. As mentioned earlier, the main purpose of using airline services is to reach the destination. Every airline provides similar  services to customers. Though Airasia provides other added services like hotel booking, and tour packages, it is subject to the customer’s choice. An industry with similar products offered is highly competitive. 3.Threat of Substitute product i)Easy to switch. There are about 59 low cost airlines competing in the industry. The airlines serve over one hundred cities and islands across the sub-continental regions of South Asia, Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia. Although some of the budget carriers only fly domestic routes within the country of origin, while only a few operates international routes connecting nearby countries, customers will always look for alternatives. ii)Performance of substitutes. Performance of other airlines are quite similar with Airasia’s given there is no obvious product differentiation. Performance of airlines normally consists of the accuracy of take off time, aircraft performance and staff services. So far, Airasia had constantly reviewed its performance and improve its services. iii)Relative price. The price of substitutes are about the same with Airasia’s. Some of the airlines offers cheaper price to achieve profitable passenger loads. The price offered depends on the time gap between the booking date and flight date. The longer the date, the cheaper will be the price. If the tickets are purchased last minutes, the price will be about the same with premium airlines like MAS and Singapore Airlines. Thus, in this situation customers would switch to the premium airlines. 4.Bargaining power of buyers i)No significant product differentiation. The only difference Airasia’s product with others airlines is the holiday packages offered. Most of the low cost airlines concentrate on providing flight services only to customers. There is some offers hotel booking at the city that the airline flies to. However, Airasia makes the difference by providing holiday packages like example 3 days and 2 nights to Bali at RM800 per pax includes  flight ticket, accommodation and travel guides. For customers who do not want to follow the travel agencies and enjoys freedom, they will look for Airasia’s packages, but the customer’s portion of this type is small. Thus the bargaining power of buyers is strong as the main thing they look for is to fly to destinations. ii)Low switching costs. Cost of switching to other airlines is low, so bargaining power of buyers is strong. Airasia is not the only airlines operates in Asia. Other than that the price offered by other competitors are not much different. The customer choice is subject to their convenience and flight schedule that fit them best. iii)Portion of buyers expenditure on airline is moderate. This factor depends on portions of income an individual earns. The higher the portion, the more the customer look for cheaper price and thus, the stronger the bargaining power of buyers. Eg when a student without earning any income, will look for the cheapest price available as the portion of his expenditure will be very substantial. iv)Customers have access to market information. The IT world had emerged since 20th century. Many big and success companies in the world uses IT and e-commerce to operate. Without IT, the business had boundaries and international business will be prohibited. With worldwide web, information can be gathered on one click. Customer’s access to the current airline market information is easy and available all the time. The airline companies have less room for negotiation. Thus, customers had strong bargaining power. v)Buyer’s power concentration in many hands. Most of the airline company customers are individual travelers, only some travel in groups. So the air tickets are purchased individually. The airline companies are not relying on a few groups of customers only. Thus, the bargaining power of buyer is strong. 5. Bargaining Power of Suppliers i) Supplier concentration in a few hands. The supplier of airline companies is the fuel supplier, foods supplier, merchandise supplier and aircraft supplier. There are few suppliers in the market, eg the aircraft supplier, the companies are either Airbus or Boeing. In this case the power of supplier is strong. Other supplier like foods supplier and fuel supplier, the term of the supply must be based on the market condition. The supplier cannot increase too much of its price or risk losing long term business with the aircraft companies. ii)High switching costs. Most of Airasia’s aircraft are Airbus models. Previously the company used Boeing models, which they lease it and the company had since phased out most of the models and replace with Airbus. If Airasia is to switch to Boeing again, then the cost will be high, because training cost for employees to suit the aircraft features must be provided. Other than that, the technology used by Airbus is the most advanced, thus Airasia must rely to the Airbus engineers to do maintenance of the aircrafts and seek advices. Thus, bargaining power of suppliers is strong. iii)Relative lack of importance of buyers to supplier. Airbus is a UK based aviation company. Its customers come from around the world. So far 9,113 aircraft had been ordered, out of which 5,408 aircraft had been delivered by the company. Airasia had ordered 200 aircraft from Airbus and so far only 54 aircraft had been delivered. The percentage of less than 1%, 0.99% proves that Airasia is not Airbus’s important buyer. Thus, Airbus had strong power over Airasia.

Technology management in military intelligence

The inalterable truth is that many facets of the intelligence community, peculiarly those responsible for procurance of high engineering hardware, remain wedded to the thought of engineering as artifact. The fulcrum of this paper is that engineering direction can be applied to engineering as cognition, and as a procedure of question and action, which has deductions for the development rhythm. Pascale ( 1999 ) argues that to better the success rate of strategic enterprises and attain the degree of reclamation necessary for successful executing, theories associated with complex adaptative systems ( ‘complexity ‘ for short ) need to be considered within a new and developing engineering direction paradigm. This paper will therefore explore engineering as cognition and as a procedure of question and action alongside the thoughts associated with complexness, such that the success or failure of intelligence related engineering direction is more to the full understood.1.1 Backgro undTechnology gate keepers operate within a traditional engineering paradigm. Garud and Rappa ( 1991 ) point out that â€Å" rating modus operandis † have a inclination to reenforce an established paradigm and prevent the outgrowth of others. In sing intelligence related engineering direction hence, it will be argued that the emerged menace posed by a complex system of chiefly low tech visionaries, absolutely at easiness with mass targeting, remains a hard construct to counter when utilizing traditional attacks. Following the rules established by Eric Beinhocker ( 1997 ) , it will be argued that intelligence related engineering direction continues to run within a paradigm informed by strategic theories developed in the decennary following World War II. The theories are underpinned by the mathematics of mid-nineteenth century natural philosophies, with associated premises of deterministic cause and consequence which continue to exercise a immense influence ( Pascale, 1999 ) . It will be argued that the attack fails to account for the promotion in apprehension of how the life universe really works when considered from the point of view of complex adaptative systems ; engineering as cognition. This has peculiar resonance for the administration of asymmetric terrorist societal groups which constitute the current and immediate menace which defense mechanism engineering direction seeks to counter. By non accounting for ‘complexity ‘ and how it might be used to understand the kineticss at work within the mark groupings ( engineering as a procedure of question and action ) , this paper will seek to show that engineering procurance will go on to be unnaturally ‘skewed ‘ towards a conventional menace which remains consistent with post-war cause and consequence strategic theory.1.2 Justification for the researchWhilst engineering direction continues to be influenced by station World War II strategic theories concentrating on engineering as artifact, what Garud and Rappa ( 1991 ) identified as thoughts that are institutionalization at the macro degree of shared knowledge will go on to rule. Technological gate-keepers within the MoD will retain out-of-date methods of understanding what engineering direction is, and how it can be applied to counter the current menace. Although there is grounds of complexness theory being applied to such diverse elements as the oil industry ( Pascale, 1999 ) and the doctrine of instruction ( Peters, 2008 ) , there is a spread in cognition of how it might be applied to act upon engineering direction within intelligence related procurance. This paper will research the thought that dynamic equilibrium ( prevailing during the cold war epoch ) no-longer remains a valid theory for intelligence related technological development when sing the menace posed by asymmetric societal-terrorist groups. Equally recent as 2009, Geraint Evans examined intelligence failures in the visible radiation of recent terrorist atrociousnesss. However, his primary probe centred on the application and integrating of intelligence architecture, still concentrating on engineering as artifact, whilst unwittingly reenforcing premises based on 19th century Newtonian natural philosophies and the associated cause and consequence dictat. This is merely one illustration amongst many whereby recent work has sought to turn to incidents of intelligence dislocation, whilst neglecting to place and work what Pascale calls the following large idea- complexness theory. This paper will seek to turn to a cognition spread to categorize asymmetric societal-terrorist groups as complex adaptative systems and the ability to counter the menace through recognizing engineering as cognition and a procedure of question and action. Research will be applied to measure how the apprehension of complex adaptative systems can be used to inform future intelligence related technological direction and development programmes.1.3 Aim and aimsResearch purpose: to bring forth recommendations for military intelligence related engineering direction when sing mark groups as complex adaptative systems Aims: critically reexamine the literature to place how complexness theory has been applied to alternative spheres comparison bing definitions of complex adaptative systems with the analysed behavior of asymmetric societal-terrorist groups interview intelligence professionals to find how engineering direction might be impacted when sing mark groups as complex adaptative systems formulate recommendations for intelligence professionals when engineering direction is required to aim complex adaptative systemsChapter 2 Research definition2.1 Initial reappraisal of the literatureThe Open University class T840 ‘Technology Management ‘ , underpins the initial research into engineering direction with respect to engineering as cognition and as a procedure of question and action. Whilst seeking to understand how asymmetric societal-terrorist groups might be understood in the visible radiation of complexness theory, Jane Henry in the Open University Course B822 ‘Creativity, Innovation & A ; Change ‘ provides a utile get downing point in understanding the background to complexness theory. The current business with intelligence failure, in the visible radiation of recent terrorist atrociousnesss, has led to many defense mechanism orientated journal articles covering specifically with military intelligence, and these will be utilized to spread out the research. Evans ( 2009 ) critiques the intelligence rhythm in seeking to understand where failures are happening in the procedure. He discusses the relationship between procedure ( engineering as question and action ) and information ( engineering as cognition ) ; something that is seen as cardinal by Hughes et Al in the the Open University Course T837 ‘Information Focused Systems ‘ . Both Evans and Hughes are fixated by information flow within the context of proficient bearers, viz. Evans discusses runing constructs such as Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance ( ISTAR ) , whilst Hughes et Al explores, at a more elaborate degree, electromagnetic radiation. Nevertheless, the philosophical attack for both has much in common. Whereas Hughes succeeds in discoursing why information systems exist, to pattern the existent universe ; Evans fails to travel beyond an internal review of bing attacks to engineering direction, and finally reverts to covering with en gineering as artefact. This tendency continues in other articles concerned with intelligence failure. In an article less concerned with engineering than with effects, Honig ( 2008 ) discusses why surprise onslaughts continue to go on, but once more does non place something that Hughes in T837 instantly recognizes – engineering related information systems have value merely when they model information content drawn from the environment ( engineering as cognition ) . Of class, it would be artful to propose that Evans and Honig are non cognizant of the operational environment to a greater or lesser extent. Their attack nevertheless does look to be untypical, in that they fail to dispute implicit in premises ; this finally affects how they approach the job of intelligence failure. Pascale ( 1999 ) argues that strategic theories that underpin the principle behind most determination devising procedures today have their roots in the decennary following World War II ; which saw a universe runing within a dynamic equilibrium, codified by the cold war stand-off. Hulnick ( 2006 ) supports this position when discoursing one of the chief vehicles for intelligence appraisal in usage today. The intelligence ‘estimate ‘ ( engineering as cognition ) , Hulnick argues, is a animal of the Cold War, but has its roots in the 1939-45 struggle. The appraisal of beginnings which critique strategic theories will be of import as ultimately theories guide investing. The Open University Course T840 ‘Technology Management ‘ discusses the difference between conventional merchandise and procedure development and the rearward merchandise rhythm. Cited in T840, the Abernathy-Utterbck theoretical account ( 1978 ) identifies that where radical engineering is utilized, development is unstable and prototype invention is high. This paper will analyze grounds which suggests that determination shapers may seek to turn to failures in intelligence by high-end engineering investing, accompanied by high hazard, high cost, and long lead times. Beginnings which challenge the prevalent, underlying strategic premises, from the point of view of understanding mark groupings in the visible radiation of complexness theory, will be assessed by this paper. The rearward merchandise rhythm as described by Barras ( 1986, cited in T840 ) might be seen as a more prudent attack to engineering direction ( when developing artefact ) if the full deductions for complexness theory are realised, with high-end investing utilised merely when the deductions for intelligence related engineering direction are more to the full understood. Whilst reviewing current attacks to intelligence related engineering direction, the usage of beginnings which seek to understand complexness theory will be drawn on. Pascale ( 1999 ) provides a utile background of how complex adaptative systems operate, peculiarly in the oil industry, whilst Peters ( 2008 ) expands on the issues with a more in-depth overview of the deductions for instruction. Pascale ‘s article is of primary importance, as it demonstrates how even high tech administrations like Shell might be viewed as complex adaptative systems. The deductions of this for military intelligence related engineering direction are broad ranging, but will stay outside the range of this research paper. The purpose will be to concentrate on understanding asymmetric societal-terrorist groups as complex adaptative systems merely ; and the associated deductions for military intelligence related engineering direction when sing engineering as cognition and as a procedure of question and action.Chapter 3 Methodology3.1 Proposed research methods and techniquesThe research will affect interacting with intelligence professionals. All of these persons, to a greater lesser extent, will hold been, or remain, involved in intelligence related engineering direction in existent universe operational scenarios. Because of the sensitiveness involved, the research will be tightly controlled ( see subdivision 3.4 – Ethical motives ) . The cardinal points of the primary research stage are based on Case Study Research Design and Methods, Third Edition ( Yin, 2003 ) .Primary ResearchDetermine and specify the research range Unstructured and semi-structured interviews will be used. 10 experts will be used to supply information through treatment and suggestion. The complexness of intelligence related engineering direction and vagaries of operational experience will be ill served by the usage of set inquiries. The sensitiveness of the capable affair will prevent questionnaires being issued. Each expert will be asked to take an exemplar instance survey to discourse how ‘complex adaptative systems ‘ might impact intelligence related engineering direction. Determine how to garner the information on the research subject: Face-to-face meetings will be arranged at the respondents topographic point of work, or at a impersonal scene. Personal contacts will be utilised to place the experts from across a scope of operational countries. Phone-calls will be used to put up the meetings ab initio. The consequences will so be collated. Evaluate and analyse the informations: Notes from each interview will be analysed utilizing analytical techniques, to include, but non be limited to: Systems function. Cause & A ; Effect schematization. Rich Pictures. Functional dislocation constructions. Flow diagrams. UML modeling ; viz. usage instances. The information will be interpreted in order to reply the purpose and aims of the research. Decisions will be derived with respect to the purpose and aims. Decisions will be derived sing the wider pertinence of the research. Suggestions will be made where farther advancement could be made by go oning the research.Secondary researchReappraisal of the relevant academic literature: An appraisal of the related academic literature is required. Section 2.1 provides an initial literature reappraisal. Section 3.2 identifies extra beginnings identified, but non reviewed in the initial literature reappraisal. The mention list will go on to be developed as the research develops.3.2 Beginnings of literature and other informationThe Open University Postgraduate Certificate/Diploma in Technology Management class ( s ) will supply the implicit in beginnings and theoretical attack to research. This will be supplemented chiefly by the Open University online library, which through the initial literature hunt, has proved to keep an copiousness of relevant stuff, peculiarly with respect to complexness theory and military intelligence. The purpose will be to farther addendum the research by pulling on the research installations available at The University of Bristol. The university has an first-class international repute in research. In the latest independent appraisal of research quality ( RAE 2008 ) , over 61 per cent of the research work assessed in 48 research Fieldss at Bristol was awarded either the top 4* evaluation, defined as ‘world taking ‘ , or the 3* evaluation, classified as ‘internationally first-class ‘ . The library services are made available to Open University pupils via the SCONUL Access strategy. Finally, and for completeness, the list below identifies beginnings found during the initial literature hunt, or used during the certification / diploma degree classs, but which have yet to be drawn on. As they have non been quoted, they are non included in the mention subdivision at the terminal of this proposal. Fowles, M. 2004, T846 Technology Strategy, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes. Gintis, H. Dec 2006, â€Å" Reappraisal of: The Origin of Wealth: Development, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics † , Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 1018-31. Hayden, M.V. Sep/Oct2010, â€Å" The State of the Craft – Is Intelligence Reform Working † , World Affairs, vol. 173, no. 3, pp. 35-48. Martin, John. , Bell, Ros. 2007, â€Å" Pull offing Problems Creatively † in B822 Creativity, Innovation and Change, erectile dysfunction. The Open University, 2nd edn, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, pp. 29-57-71-95. Studeman, C.M. Feb 2009, â€Å" 7 Myths of Intelligence † , U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 64-69.3.3 Planning and schedulingA Gantt chart has been utilised to exemplify cardinal day of the months for the complete period of research, working at the degree of separate hebdomads. The T802 MSc Research Study Calendar provides a dislocation of the cardinal phases and associated undertakings. These have been transposed onto the Gantt chart below, with cardinal vacation periods ( ruddy saloon ) included for completeness.3.4 Ethical considerationsI have read and understood the ethical considerations, as described in subdivision 7.3 of The Open University Course Guide for the T802 MSc Research Course. All stuff used, will be referenced in the appropriate mode, taking note of the information protection issues that may originate. Where beginning information is non already in the public sphere at the clip of usage for the T802 class, permission will be requested to utilize the stuff in the normal mode. There is a moral duty to sensitively manage the point of views of functioning intelligence professionals in garnering the research information, and non to misapply professional trust built up over many old ages. The information presented will be generic in nature, whilst non mentioning to existent universe operations or capableness, but instead to how engineering direction might be impacted in wide operational footings. Where existent operational experience may be valid to exemplify peculiar points made by the interviewee ; the writer ‘s experience will be drawn on to exemplify the point that is being made.3.5 Risk appraisalDevelopment of the research stage is low hazard. The structured and semi-structured interviews will be conducted in an office based environment, admiting appropriate consciousness of exigency issues and fire muster points. Site visits are specifically excluded.Chapter 4 Supporting information4.1 List of old classsT837 Systems technology T840 Technology direction: an integrative attack M883 Software demands for concern systems B822 Creativity, invention and alteration T846 Technology scheme4.2 Relevance of capable affair to declared gradeThe proposed research has strong synergism with the declared grade. It draws on many facets of the capable affair discussed in the compulsory faculties. T840 discusses merchandise rhythms and their appropriate application ; a capable really relevant to intelligence related engineering direction. Intelligence related equipment procurance and its rightness to extant mark groupings is at the bosom of this research. Technology scheme ( T846 ) expands on these elements when looking at the assorted schools of scheme that have come to the bow at assorted points in recent history. The relevancy of these to the capable affair, non least the Learning School and the thoughts behind outgrowth and complexness, will be cardinal to understanding the impact of complex adaptative systems on intelligence related engineering direction. When sing optional faculties within the declared grade, both T837 ( Systems technology ) and B822 ( Creativity, invention and alteration ) reference, to a greater or lesser extent, the theories behind complexness and outgrowth. The capable affair for this research proposal hence provides a vehicle to pull many of these elements together. The research will supply an chance to research the relevancy of the identified elements in a modern-day and extremely topical sphere, and possibly significantly, get down to make full a cognition spread which on first expression, does non look to hold been addressed.

Intercultural and Business Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Intercultural and Business Organization - Essay Example It is important to know that many shops are closed on Fridays in Malaysia because most of the people there are Muslim. Otherwise, regular store hours are much like the ones seen in the United States. The point is that Friday scheduling for meetings should be avoided. They expect you to be punctual to meetings, but they may be more relaxed than you in that department.People have the tendency to carry umbrellas with them daily in Malaysia because the weather is so humid and it tends to rain a lot. The weather is hot and humid, with showers arriving at a moment’s notice. Lightweight suits and shirts should be worn for comfort. Do not wear yellow as only royalty in Malaysia wears yellow (Associated Content, 2005).â€Å"Begin by dressing for the office: jacket, slacks, shirt, and tie, but if you see that others are going without their jacket and tie you may remove them discreetly. Women should choose knee-length skirts and long-sleeved blouses but avoid pantsuits since these might be inappropriate in some offices. Although it is acceptable to wear jeans, in public, shorts are simply not worn by adults. In some cultures, you would never dare ask someone how much they weigh and other personal questions. Not so in Malaysia. Be prepared to be subjected to very personal questions concerning the marital status or even income. Graciously avoid the questions if you don’t want to answer. Acting upset or annoyed will cause the person to be embarrassed, or to lose face. Losing face is a very serious matter in Malaysia†.

Role and Effects of Financial Intermediaries Essay

Role and Effects of Financial Intermediaries - Essay Example Typically the first party is a provider of a product or service and the second party is a consumer or customer. In the U.S., a financial intermediary is typically an institution that facilitates the channelling of funds between lenders and borrowers indirectly. That is, savers (lenders) give funds to an intermediary institution (such as banks), and then that institution in turn gives those funds to spenders (borrowers). This may be in the form of loans or mortgages. Alternatively, they may lend the money directly via the financial markets. (Wikipedia, 2006) (Paraphrasing made) Riskinstitute (n.d) said, â€Å"The FSA provides that no person shall carry on, or purport to carry on, investment business in the UK unless he is authorised or exempted from authorisation (FSA, s.3). It explained that pursuant to the FSA, a person carries on investment business in the UK if he carries on investment business from a permanent place of business maintained by him in the UK or if he engages in an activity in the UK which falls within one of several categories identified in Part II of Schedule I to the FSA and are not excluded by Part III and, in respect of that activity, he is not an exempt person. It explained, â€Å"A financial intermediary is, therefore, subject to regulation in the UK where investment business is carried on from a UK base, wherever the customer is situated. A financial intermediary will also be subject to UK regulation where that financial intermediary, not operating from a UK base, nevertheless carries on business from overseas into the UK (e.g., soliciting UK customer business). Certain exceptions apply in the latter case, e.g., where the overseas person is: transacting with a UK authorised person; responding to an initiative taken by a UK investor or continuing an existing business relationship with him; or promoting his investment services in accordance with the advertising and cold-calling rules, provided that overseas person is not otherwise

Jury Deliberation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jury Deliberation - Essay Example "Research" in this instance could be wide and varied in meaning as there are other extrapolating questions with regards to jury deliberation itself. Are questions limited to the AC 1118 (protection of free debate in the jury room) only Are there other contradicting details about the jury process which the public must know and that should be properly acted upon Does "research" apply to the outsiders, or the jurors themselves As Section 8(1) of the Contempt of Court Act 1981 provides: "(1) Subject to subsection (2) below, it is a contempt of court to obtain, disclose or solicit any particulars of statements made, opinions expressed, arguments advanced or votes cast by members of a jury in the course of their deliberations in any legal proceedings," making votes, discussions and other related issues on jury deliberations sacrosanct before the law. In this instance, it is against the law that jurors themselves impart any information or knowledge with regards to the case at hand, so that they are to live life like the case does not exist at all. And this is to allow implementation of AC 1118, of which may be interpreted as to protect the jurors, or the court decision, and the public in general. Court cases that have touched on the issue of "protection of free debate in the jury room" include Regina v. ... ion why or how come that in those cases where the court was informed of some misconduct on the part of jurors, steps were not done to rectify what has gone wrong (UKP, 2006). In the R v Mirza (2004) case, AC 1118 was also indicated of important clause as an important feature of the jury's work protecting "individual jurors from exposure to pressure to explain the reasons which had actuated them individually to arrive at their verdict," (House of Lords, 2005). Likewise, R v Young Stephen (Bar Council, 2006) has also been mentioned as one of the most notorious case. Incidentally, it was emphasized in a report that section 8 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981 on disclosing or obtaining information relating to jury room deliberations were addressed to third parties (Procter, 2006) in the discussion mentioned. One example of this contradictory deliberation was the case "Her Majesty's Attorney General (Respondent) v. Scotcher (Appellant) (Criminal Appeal from Her Majesty's High Court of Justice) of which one Keith Scotcher has been charged of contempt of court. In the deliberation, it was established that appellant Scotcher was summoned for jury service in January 2000 for a case against two brothers criminally charged. In February 20 of that same year, an anonymous letter was sent to the mother of the two defendants in the criminal case of which contents include among others: "Dear Mrs Anderson I was the one jury member who held out against the prosecution case at the trial of [A] and [B]. I would like you to seriously consider, as I'm sure you are already, talking to your counsels about appealing the convictions on the grounds of an unsafe conviction, miscarriage of justice, or whatever. [XXXX] When we first went out the voting was close XXXX. Many changed their vote

Multicultural Books Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multicultural Books - Essay Example Summary: The proverbs in the book are classified according to the core values that they exemplify. Native American Culture Title: Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight In Heaven Author: Alexie, Sherman Illustrator: Tina Fernandez Publisher: Harperperennial Publication Date: 1994 Genre: short story Interest Level: Grades I- IV Topic/Theme: life, hope and perseverance Summary: Alexie's works are celebrated for their detailed descriptions of the psychology and environment of the reservation; the humor and wit that are displayed in the face of the intense poverty and the ravages of alcohol abuse that are part of reservation life; and their broad, universal messages of hope and perseverance. Title: Long As the Rivers Flow: The Stories of Nine Native Americans Author: Allen, Paula Gunn Illustrator: Tina Fernandez Publisher: Scholastic Publication Date: 2001 Genre: short story Interest Level: Grades III- VI Topic/Theme: tribes and prejudice Summary: Through the centuries and across tribal boundaries, countless Native Americans have made history, despite prejudices against them. These powerful essays celebrate the diversity and talents of nine Native Americans who have made great contributions to arts, politics, sports, and other aspects of American life. Mexican American Culture Title: A Birthday Basket for Ta Author: Pat Mora Illustrator: Cecily Lang Publisher: Aladin Paperbacks Publication Date: 1992 Genre: short story Interest Level: Grades I- IV Topic/Theme: love for Family Summary: This story tells of a young girl who loved her aunt as much as her mother. Title: All for the Better Author: Nicholasa Mor Illustrator: Rudy Gutierez Publisher: Raintree Steck- Vaughn Publication Date: 1993 Genre: short story Interest Level: Grades I- IV Topic/Theme: Story... Summary: Through the centuries and across tribal boundaries, countless Native Americans have made history, despite prejudices against them. These powerful essays celebrate the diversity and talents of nine Native Americans who have made great contributions to arts, politics, sports, and other aspects of American life. Summary: Amelia and her family are migrant farm workers, moving from harvest to harvest living in labor camps. Amelia also moves from school to school, never really making friends or feeling that she belongs. One day during apple harvest, Amelia finds a special place. Summary: The "cute" turned into "cool" as children, following their parental example, embraced the gift of fantasy and unrestrained desire to rebel against the saccharine excesses of wondrous innocence in deliberate pursuit of the anti-cute. Summary: This is one boy's story of life in a diverse neighborhood in San Francisco. It is also a story of the colorful and diverse neighborhood itself. Jos lives in a neighborhood where people speak Spanish and English, and even Chinese.

Strategy for Mega Bastard Corporation - Bionic Limbs Essay

Strategy for Mega Bastard Corporation - Bionic Limbs - Essay Example How fancy is that? The most important factors to consider in the introduction of bionic limbs is the strategic management variable involved in product and business development. Namely; Market entry, research and development, pricing, designing the product and competition prosthetic limbs producers. MBC will most probably benefit from a market segment of people interested in comic books, superhero movies and video games. The macro environment directly related to competition. DEKA is an example of prosthetic limb maker. They have made progress in making bionic arms, which basically gives MBC the advantage of differentiating their market segment to only limb/ legs bionic material. The market analysis will assume that MBC management has taken care of the approval process through the Food and Drug Administration body. MBC has two choices, either to enter the market or not to enter the bionic market. Now does not enter the bionic limbs market, then their competitors will obviously maintain the status quo and barely change the prices of bionic limbs. However, if MBC enters the market, then its potential competitors will definitely start a price war and that may affect the level of sales of bionic limbs. MBC will obviously be a credible threat to existing competitors in this monopolistic market as noted by Baines & Fill (2014). MBC already has the technology for making the bionic limbs, hence labour cost for the business and product development is greatly minimized and the only challenge will be for the management to identify a profitable market segment for their product. Getting a priced contract with competitors can always help MBC avoid any price wars that may emerge after they introduce their bionic limb. This is basically done by MBC paying a premium to a specific competitor and in exchange, the competition won’t start a price war against MBC. For MBC to effectively market the bionic limb, the product must be FDA approved in order to gain considerable favour even in the ‘villain’ market segment.  Ã‚  

Film Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film Evaluation - Essay Example What is Nixon guilty of? The film uses multiple perspectives to question his military strategies in Vietnam and Cambodia and, of course, the break-in to the Watergate hotel office of the Democratic Party and the subsequent cover up. Audiences see Frost and Reston, a researcher representing liberal criticism of Nixon’s foreign and domestic policy, using these interviews as a mock trial for Nixon. Nixon’s camp views the interviews as a re-election campaign, a fence mending expedition, and a path back to the East and the Capital beltway, which I didn’t realize before watching this film. During the interview process, Frost and Nixon’s interview-prep teams act like campaign advisors and spin doctors. The film reveals a Nixon whose political ambition soothed an ego, who stretched past the judicial limits of executive privilege. Nixon, who was granted a full pardon by President Ford, discusses his conflicts with the bipartisan Congress and Media and his frustrati on with the American checks and balances system. The film becomes as much about exploring Nixon’s feeling that what he did was â€Å"wrong,† but paradoxically not â€Å"wrong† because he did it as president as about the influence of American media as a fourth branch, a watchdog of American democracy and political transparency. II: Analysis of Political Ideas Conveyed within Frost/Nixon As the film opens, Director Howard and Writer Morgan expose viewers to a plethora of media clippings from nightly news programs, presidential interviews and public events, the formal Watergate hearings, and the voice of the average citizen. While these clippings provide background information and certainly provide urgency and interest in this cinematic event, they oversimplify the complex, elongated task of these revelations and impeachment process. One of the main criticisms of this film deal with the compression of time and boiled down simplification of the steps and factors cul minating in Nixon’s resignation. In a 2009 article, Reston himself commented: â€Å"For that televised interview in 1977, four hours of interrogation had been boiled down to 90 minutes. For the stage and screen, this history has been compressed a great deal more, into something resembling a comedic tragedy† (para. 5). The issues of the historical veracity of almost every step of this screenwriting process and cinematic manipulation has become an ongoing, contentious issue among political journalists and pundits. The ethics of the original interview put David Frost, his camp, and media itself on trial within this film and questions the unbiased nature of Frost’s interviews. The first segment of Frost/Nixon focuses on Frost and Nixon dancing around each other as Frost attempts to raise funds to secure an interview with Nixon as well as find a reputable network to air the interviews. Yet, as I previously did not know, all the established networks scoff at Frostâ₠¬â„¢s party image and lack of political expertise and refuse to be involved or lend their credibility to support Frost’s initiative. Specifically, the networks refer to their policy not to pay for interviews while Nixon’s Hollywood agent is requiring a staggering 600,000 dollars, 200, 000 of which must be up front for an afternoon exploratory meeting. The angle on the Frost’s first scribbled check to Nixon sheds light upon both Frost and Nixon’

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 32

Business Ethics - Essay Example Patrick’s Day Parade, and Memorial Day coed softball tournament. Recreational centers have also been created and families are encouraged to take their children out just to have some fun moments. The prison that has been established in the city stands out as one of the finest correction facilities in the country. Kelsey City was established by M. Kelsey with the vision of â€Å"preserving the natural resources of the land and maintain a close-knit community.† In view of this mission, the members of this community have over the years endeavoured to live up to the premise of social responsibility and ethical values as discussed below. A majority of the citizens who reside in this city have maintained the closely-knit social fabric. The attitude of social responsibility has been instilled among the members and is often passed over from generation to generation. Community programs and sporting events have been created deliberately to create avenues through which the citizens can mingle and just get to know each other in details. Other places where members interact include at the shopping centres and in institutions of learning. As already explained above, the city has one of the best correctional facilities in the country. The leadership understands the role played by prisons in rehabilitating juvenile youths and other criminals within the community. As such, a significant portion of the members visit prisoners in this prison so as to interact with them and encourage them that all is not lost in life. These helps the prisoners understand that they are not rejects and that they are still welcome in their communities once they serve their terms in the prison. Individuals in this community have the social responsibility of ensuring peaceful co-existence among members just as envisioned by the founder M. Kelsey. As the old adage states that â€Å"each market has its own mad man,† it would be nonsensical to imagine that all

Critical Analysis of Malcolm X Learning to Read Essay

Critical Analysis of Malcolm X Learning to Read - Essay Example Malcolm X’s â€Å"Learning to Read† has several important points. In addition to his narrative of how he got his education, Malcolm X’s essay also revealed how he came to be a leader of the black separatist movement that urged black Americans to cut their political, social and economic ties with the white community. The essay â€Å"Learning to Read† emphasized more what it intended to say when it expressed the experience of incredulity of the author’s first attempt to write sensibly. Malcolm X’s first sentence â€Å"It was because of my letters that I happened to stumble upon starting to acquire some kind of a homemade education† beautifully expressed the mindset when the author began his self-education.   Also, the comparison that he â€Å"had been the most articulate hustler out there† yet he â€Å"wasn’t even functional† to write a simple English provided the reader a â€Å"feel† of the difficulty of hi s experience of trying to write. Malcolm X was already an educated man when wrote his essay â€Å"Learning to Read† but he chose to use the analogy â€Å"nearly all the words that might as well have been in Chinese† to depict the colloquial perspective of an uneducated man who was having a hard time understanding the text of the books. We may think that assigning the word â€Å"Chinese† to a written text that is not understood to be wrong but the context of the essay made it appropriate and emphatic.... The usage of a street language â€Å"some kind of homemade education† also emphasized without explaining further what his state of mind was. Also, the comparison that he â€Å"had been the most articulate hustler out there† yet he â€Å"wasn’t even functional† to write a simple English provided the reader a â€Å"feel† of the difficulty of his experience of trying to write. Malcolm X was already an educated man when wrote his essay â€Å"Learning to Read† but he chose to use the analogy â€Å"nearly all the words that might as well have been in Chinese† to depict the colloquial perspective of an uneducated man who was having a hard time understanding the text of the books. We may think that assigning the word â€Å"Chinese† to a written text that is not understood to be wrong but the context of the essay made it appropriate and emphatic. In between his understanding how the white man had oppressed the non-whites, Malcolm X craft ily narrated his journey towards his learning that is engaging to the reader. The narration about how he would sneak past the guard to read during â€Å"lights out† time in prison made the essay more personal and engaging. The emphasis on his painstaking effort to copy the whole library to his tablet and reading it aloud to himself tells that he literally started as ignorant about the written text. Then slowly, his word based broadened and begun to understand the books that he wanted to read. From then on, there was no stopping for him to read and to search further for knowledge. It will be inappropriate to describe that Malcolm X was able to educate himself despite him being in prison. In his words, he was even grateful of his circumstances because it lead him towards erudition, â€Å"prison enabled

A discussion of equality and diversity issues in a teaching situation-CTLLS Essay Example for Free

A discussion of equality and diversity issues in a teaching situation-CTLLS Essay 5. A discussion of equality and diversity issues relevant to the candidates teaching/training situation. Equality is ensuring individuals or groups of individuals are treated fairly and equally and no less favourably than others. Equality is about the rights of the learners to attend and participate regardless of age, sex, race, gender reassignment, disability, religion or belief, sexual orientation, marriage/civil partnership and pregnancy /maternity. Diversity is about recognising and being tolerant of different views which individual people have, in terms of cultural backgrounds and different lifestyle choices relating to any characteristics they may have. A diverse society is what we have as every individual has a different culture, belief and life experience to the next. Inclusion is about including all the learners in ‘relevant activities rather than excluding them for any reason either directly or indirectly’ (Gravells 2008). ‘Every learner has the right to expect that they will receive high quality learning appropriate to their needs and circumstances ion a safe and healthy environment.’ (Success for all: DfES 2002). Inclusive teaching and learning is possible when promoted. In order to achieve this I combine both the training cycle and the learning styles from Kolb and Fry. These include using Concrete experience, Abstract Conceptualisation, Active Experimentation and Observation and Reflection. Learners the mixing up of which produces the learning styles that best suits a learner, ie; Converger, Diverger, Assimilator and Accommodator. By ensuring the lessons accommodate all learning styles all learners will feel inclusion. Along with the learning styles I would include relevant resource materials . If a learner requires more intervention then I may need to include the following; additional classroom support, adapted or specific resources, peer support, varied presentation, content selection, reducing or increasing time for activities Along with my mentor Geri walker I have written the 5 day induction programme for new starters within the organisation. This includes lectures in subject matter using power point presentation and notes (abstract conceptualisation), Direct discrimination occurs when you treat someone unfairly due to at least the nine characteristics discussed. Indirect discrimination occurs when a working condition, environment or rule disadvantages one group of people or person more than another. As a teacher it is important that to give equal support, you must not discriminate and  must not show favouritism in any way. A teacher should not impose views and opinions on the learners. It is necessary to ensure that the learners show dignity and respect to others in the learning environment. A teacher must recognise that each learner is different and accommodate for those differences wherever possible in the classroom. You should demonstrate your commitment to equal opportunities through everything you say and do in your work with adult students.† (Daines, Daines and Graham, 1993). Geoff Petty states that: Differentiation is an approach to teaching that attempts to ensure that all students learn well, despite their many differences. Catch phrases which go some way to capturing this concept include: ‘Coping with differences’. ‘Learning for all’ or ‘Success for all’ People began to realise it was not just ability that could be â€Å"mixed’’ and that teachers had to cope with differences: learning style, age, motivation, prior learning and experience, gender, specific learning difficulties such as dyslexia, and so on. Consequently the term ‘mixed ability’ began to be replaced by the less vivid term: ‘differentiation’. It is important to work in partnership with the learner, get to know them, so that you can assess their ‘minimum core’ and what their learning needs are. If a learner knows what is expected from them and you tell them what to expect from you , successful learning can be achieved . This may be achieved by recognising the needs of a particular person or group of people. The learners within the sessions I teach include people with; learning difficulties, hearing impairments, those whose first language is not English, or those people who may require additional support with literacy, language, numeracy and ICT skills. The learners I teach come from different social and cultural backgrounds and during teaching I have had to respect the following and accommodate, prayer times, Ramadan and different beliefs to mine without impacting on others. I need to plan my sessions to enable all learners to take part and achieve their individual learning aims, taking into account how I communicate with learner (e.g. using appropriate vocabulary and terminology no abbreviations and jargon, my comments are not discriminatory or offensive or that my body language is appropriate. I need  to check that the resources used are non- discriminatory or stereotypical, suitable for the learners needs so that all the learners can participate. Teaching methods need to be varied and support all learning styles. The learning environment needs to promote inclusion ,e.g. for people with disabilities. The Kennedy Report (1997) stressed the importance of making learning accessible to all learners , focussing on people who may be disadvantaged due to social, economic or educational background. These create barriers to learning that may prevent adults from continuing developing their education e.g.lack of information, childcare support, basic skills and costs involved to study. References Daines, JW et al (2006) Adult Learning, Adult Teaching, 4th ed, Cardiff: Welsh Academic Press DfES (2002b) Success for All. London: HMSO Gravells, A, (2008).preparing to teach in the lifelong learning sector.3rd ed. exeter: learning matters Petty, G, (2004) Teaching Today: A practical guide,3rd ed. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes Reisenberger A Dadzie S (2002), Equality and diversity in adult and community learning – a guide for managers, Niacehttp://www.excellencegateway.org.uk/pdf/A1181.pdf Smith, M. K. (2001). David A. Kolb on experiential learning, the encyclopedia of informal education. Retrieved 17/3/13 from http://www.infed.org/b-explrn.htm.

Stainless Steel Rods: Young’s Modulus and Shear Modulus

Stainless Steel Rods: Young’s Modulus and Shear Modulus Valentin Haemmerli Experimentally determine Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio of stainless steel rods using magnetostrictive resonance Abstract Young’s modulus (E) and the shear modulus (ÃŽ ¼) of thin stainless steel rods, as well as Poisson’s ratio (ÏÆ'), were experimentally found by determining the longitudinal and torsional resonant frequencies for different known lengths of rods using magnetostrictive resonance. Young’s modulus was found to be 140 GPa  ±17 and shear modulus 59.2 GPa  ±5.7. Poisson’s ratio was found for the rods of varying length and three of these were within right range at: 0.23 ±0.07 for the 0.417m rod, 0.13 ±0.04 for the 0.411m rod and 0.11 ±0.03 for the 0.251m rod. Introduction This experiment aimed to determine Young’s modulus (E) and the shear modulus (ÃŽ ¼) of thin stainless steel rods, as well as Poisson’s ratio (ÏÆ'), by finding the longitudinal and torsional resonant frequencies for different known lengths of rods using magnetostrictive resonance. A drive coil connected to a power amplifier was used to vary the driving frequency and excite the steel rods. The vibrations of the steel rods due to the changing magnetic field were measured using a stereo cartridge connected to an oscilloscope. Theory Magnetostriction is the effect observed when magnetic materials in an external magnetic field increase in length very slightly, due to the alignment of the microscopic domains. By rapidly reversing a magnetic field around a ferrous rod, such as the steel rods examined in this experiment, it is possible to induce vibration by the motion of the domains [1]. Young’s modulus and the shear modulus of a material determine the frequency at which it resonates in different modes. Solids can experience three main modes of vibration; longitudinal, torsional, and flexural [2]. The modes examined in this experiment are longitudinal and torsional. Longitudinal vibrations are â€Å"stretching and contracting of the beam along its own axis† [3, p. 182] of the material when a driving frequency is applied, while torsional is a twisting motion of the material. Young’s modulus determines longitudinal resonance and shear modulus determines torsional resonance. The natural frequencies for longitudinal and torsional vibration of a steel rod are given by , (1) , (2) where , L is the length of the rod, and C are the wave velocities: (3) and (4) respectively, where E and ÃŽ ¼ are Young’s and shear moduli and Ï  is density. These equations are used to relate f to 1/L and thus find the elastic moduli. Poisson’s ratio, ÏÆ', is the ratio of change in dimensions laterally and longitudinally of a material â€Å"placed under a uniform longitudinal tensile (compressive) load† and is normally around 0.3 [3, p. 4]. Davis and Opat give this as , (5) where ÃŽ ³ is given by [2] . (6) Method The method was adapted from that used by Davis and Opat in â€Å"Elastic vibrations of rods and Poisson’s ratio† [2]. Six stainless steel rods of varying lengths between 0.102 and 0.417 m were individually clamped at their centres by three pointed screws to reduce contact and thus damping. The rods were then positioned to pass through a drive coil, also close to their centre, and finally the stereo cartridge stylus was positioned at the top of the rod, off centre on the flat end, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Clamp stand with rod clamped in the centre, coil clamped slightly above, and the stereo cartridge positioned above the rod to pick up vibrations. Foam used under clamp stand to attempt to reduce back ground vibrations. This positioning allowed for the detection of and distinction between longitudinal and torsional resonances. The two outputs of the stereo cartridge each respond to different component of motion of the stylus at 45ËÅ ¡ to the horizontal. Figure 2 is a diagram of the stereo cartridge stylus and placement on the end of the rod from Davis and Opat [2] which shows how it was possible to differentiate between longitudinal and torsional modes. Whenever resonance occurred and the two channels were in phase it was longitudinal as both directions of motion moved up and down at the same time. When resonance occurred out of phase it was torsional as the rotation meant the two directions of motion were outputting opposite signals. Figure 2: From Davis and Opat’s â€Å"Elastic vibrations of rods and Poisson’s ratio† [2]. Stereo stylus design (a) and placement on the rod (b) The drive coil was connected to a power amplifier and the output frequency was varied. The two outputs of the stereo cartridge were connected to the two channels of an oscilloscope. In this way, it was possible to vary the frequency until the amplitude shown on the oscilloscope was a maximum and record the frequency. This was repeated for rods of different length. Also recorded were the mass and diameter of each rod analysed in order to find the density since each steel rod had slightly different composition. Results Figure 3 shows the resonant frequency plotted against the reciprocals of the lengths of steel rods. Also plotted is a line of best fit by least squares method with intercept 0 as a result of equation (1), if 1/L =0, f=0. The error bars on the frequency are the standard errors found by regression. Error in the equipment for frequency was 2Hz and insignificant compared to the large random error. Error bars in the reciprocal length comes from the percentage error of the measurements due to an equipment error of  ±0.003m. As can be seen, the line of best fit is outside of the error boxes created by these errors and this suggests that the data is not very reliable and that there are not enough points for the line of best fit to be very accurate. Figure 3: Resonant frequencies (kHz) of longitudinal vibrations for n=1 (fundamental) plotted against the reciprocals of the lengths of the rods (m-1). The gradient of the fitted line in Figure 3 is 2.095 kHz  ±0.129. Using equations (1) and (3) with n=1, this gives E=140 GPa  ±17 using Ï steel =7970 kg m-3 [3, p. 435], or using the average of the densities of steel recorded (Ï  =8020 kg m-3  ±700) E=141 GPa  ±20. Similar to Figure 3, Figure 4 shows the fundamental resonant frequencies for torsional vibrations of the same rods. Figure 4: Resonant frequencies (kHz) of torsional vibrations for n=1 (fundamental) plotted against the reciprocals of the lengths of the rods (m-1). The gradient of the fitted line in Figure 3 is 1.363 kHz  ±0.066. Using equations (2) and (4) with n=1, this gives ÃŽ ¼= 59.2 GPa  ±5.7 using Ï steel =7970 kg m-3 [3, p. 435], or using the average of the densities of steel recorded (Ï  =8020 kg m-3  ±701) ÃŽ ¼=59.6 GPa  ±7.8. Poisson’s Ratio (ÏÆ') is found from the longitudinal and torsional resonant frequencies of the same rod and the same mode (n=1) using equations (5) and (6). This quantity varies for each rod, again evidence of a large random error in the resonant frequencies. Table 1 shows the different values of ÏÆ'. The errors for Poisson’s ratio are calculated based on the random error in each of the resonant frequencies. Table 1: Poisson’s Ratio for different lengths of rods for mode n=1 from equations (5) and (6) Discussion Young’s modulus and shear modulus are in the same order of magnitude as literature values, with experimentally determined E=140GPa compared to a literature value of around 180 GPa for stainless steel [4] or 194 according to Blevins [3]. Experimentally determined shear modulus was found to be ÃŽ ¼=59.2GPa compared to 77.2Gpa [5]. The result for the shear modulus is more accurate, and this is confirmed by the smaller random error. The errors due to the equipment for these measurements are very small, since the frequency could be varied to within 0.1 Hz and differences in amplitudes on the oscilloscope could be observed within 2Hz. However, with only 5 points, and no modes higher than n=1 to confirm the resonant frequencies, as well as a limited few lengths, there are not enough points of data to obtain a truly accurate result. For Poisson’s Ratio, there is a large variation between the values for each rod, which is in part linked to the large random error in the frequency values themselves, but which may also be due in part to the differences in the type of steel used in each rod. They are almost all of the right order of magnitude, and some are very close to the literature value of 0.265 [3, p. 435]. One major problem encountered was the fact that no resonant frequencies above 15kHz were observed. Whether this is a limitation of the stereo cartridge or due to the extremely small width of the resonances at these high frequencies, or a combination of both, is unclear. However, it may be possible to detect resonances at higher frequencies with a more sensitive stereo cartridge or a more accurate power amplifier. While the power amplifier used was adjustable to 0.1Hz at low frequencies, above 10kHz this was reduced to 1Hz. Another improvement to the method is to use more and longer rods. This is similar to the problem addressed above of high frequency resonances being difficult to detect. No resonances were found for the shortest rod available because all, including the n=1 mode, were too high. With longer rods, and more data points, a more accurate result could be In some cases, it was difficult to record data accurately or to detect resonances due to background vibrations. For example, the movement of a chair 5m away was enough to create a very unstable oscilloscope trace due to the sensitivity of the stereo cartridge to low frequencies. This was the case despite efforts to reduce the background vibrations by placing the clamp stand set up on foam. An extension to non-ferrous materials was attempted by using a small piece of steel with two longer pieces of aluminium attached with screws on either side. However, only one strong resonance was detected, which was not close to the predicted resonance of aluminium, and since the issues mentioned above meant that it was difficult to obtain enough data even for steel rods it was decided not to pursue this. As Davis and Opat put it, â€Å"Inhomogeneities in the structure of the rod can lead to coupling of the different vibrational modes and the description of the oscillating rod rapidly becomes more complex.† [2]. A more appropriate method for generating vibrations in rods of non-ferrous materials is outlined by Meiners and may be found in â€Å"Physics Demonstration Experiments† on page 439 [6]. Conclusion The longitudinal and torsional resonance frequencies for stainless steel rods of varying known length were measured and used to determine Young’s modulus of 140 GPa  ±17 and shear modulus of 59.2 GPa  ±5.7 using literature values for density of steel. Poisson’s ratio was found for the rods of varying length and three of these were within right range at: 0.23 ±0.07 for the 0.417m rod, 0.13 ±0.04 for the 0.411m rod and 0.11 ±0.03 for the 0.251m rod. The random error in the resonance frequencies was large, which meant that none of the results are very accurate. The accuracy could be improved with more data form more rods. References Acknowledgements Thanks to collaborator in Data Collection: Bivu Nepaune 1

Queen Victorias Effect on Britain

Queen Victorias Effect on Britain Did Queen Victoria leave her subjects in a better condition in 1901 than when she found them in 1837? The Victorian era was principally a time of change, of transience: the translocation of a people, challenged morally, socially and in their religious beliefs, as never before. Standing majestically above all this was the image of stability which Queen Victoria symbolised. The shift from the rural life of the eighteenth century and the Romantic Movement in the Arts which accompanied it was displaced and the population in the industrial towns and cities swelled to the point of overflowing, producing slums and sweatshops rather than the wealth and security that had been sought, with ‘the Age of the Novel’ involved with social issues as well as establishing a new literary genre. In 1837, when Victoria came to the throne, these changes had already begun and by the time her reign ended, in 1901, more was ahead particularly if one considers the ‘long nineteenth century’ which encompasses the pre-war years up to 1914. How far her people were in a ‘better condi tion’ by the end of Victoria’s reign will be the subject of this essay, looking at the idea via the different media of change evidenced in religion, literature, politics and related social issues as well as the Imperialism which the establishment of the British monarch as the first Empress of India established. In many ways, it is true to say that Victoria presided over a Renaissance which had not been seen since her antecedent, Elizabeth, had been on the throne. The coincidence that a female monarch should have been in place at both times of regeneration does not, however, imply a connective: conditions were very different during Elizabeth’s reign, particularly in the area of social mobility and religious imperatives. The Victorian era saw the greatest challenges to both of these that had ever been seen. The movement of the peasantry to the towns saw an enormous shift in both the physical location of the population and its imperatives. Much was lost, in terms of tradition and permanence when the move to the cities occurred because most of those who did relocate in the hope of increasing their meagre incomes had never been farther than the next village before they moved and this had been the case for generations. Indeed, as early as the mid-nineteenth century novelists were using the idea of the rural idyll to exemplify an ideal existence now lost[1]. This is evident in novels such as George Eliot’s Adam Bede (1859) which was set some fifty years before it was written: As he reached the foot of the slope, an elderly horseman, with his portmanteau strapped behind him, stopped his horse when Adam had passed him, and turned round to have another long look at the stalwart workman in paper cap, leather breeches, and dark-blue worsted stockings.[2] The mounted, unidentified and detached observer (a connective with the contemporary reader) takes a ‘long look at the ‘stalwart workman’ in an elegiac emblem of the author’s intent within the novel to show a time now lost and the changes that were about to take place. Adam as a type of workman has been displaced and is no longer to be found and which represents a longing for a return to old times and old days associated with the countryside which can be traced to the present day and certainly becomes a primary informative, present in works such as Flora Thompson’s enduringly popular Larkrise to Candleford (1945) and further evidenced even in the work of such ‘scientific’ novelists as H.G. Wells in his novel, The History of Mr Polly, and the character of Leonard Bast as well as the evocative, mystical rural setting in E.M. Forster’s Howard’s End, both written in 1910. The novel also introduces the character of a female preacher, a ‘Dissenter’, in other words a Methodist, and by combining the two, Eliot shows that despite the loss of the life portrayed in her novel, there were positive challenges which changes such as the growing desire for the emancipation of women, at the forefront of which was J.S. Mill[3], and the need to find new ways of expressing religious sensibility. The ultimate challenge to religion, of course, was presented by the theories of evolution which were being formulated in the 1860s. Although Charles Darwin is credited with having discovered this, the work of such as Herbert Spencer, who actually coined the term ‘survival of the fittest’ in his Principles of Biology (1864) which Darwin incorporated into a later edition of his own work, were also significant. Within his seminal The Origin of Species, first published in 1859, Darwin introduced to the wider public the then profoundly disturbing notion that man was not created entire and complete as the Bible relates but evolved and thus dispossessed an entire generation who had previously felt secure in the knowledge of God as their Creator (though Darwin uses this term himself many times within the work and does not deny the idea of a Creator directly[4]). It is a mistake, however, to assume that Darwin’s ideas had much immediate effect on the population at large. R ather, its immediate aftermath may be discerned in the literature of the time, George Eliot, a close friend of Spencer, amongst these. Moreover, his published theories were simply an affirmation for many of a growing generic scepticism, such as Thomas Hardy shows: On the last day of the year [1901] he makes the following reflection: ‘After reading various philosophic systems, and being struck with their contradictions and futilities, I have come to this: Let every man make a philosophy for himself out of his own experience. He will not be able to escape using terms and phraseology from earlier philosophers, but let him avoid adopting their theories if he values his own mental life. Let him remember the fate of Coleridge, and save years of labour by working out his own views as given him by his surroundings.’[5] However, just as the move from the towns to the cities subsequently produced a sense of loss, the disconnection with the certainty of divine creation also saw the longing for a mystical element to life once ‘the divine’ had, in a sense, been removed from it: seeking ‘an oasis of mystery in the dreary desert of knowledge’[6]. The disconnection resulted in the burgeoning of interest in Spiritualism which was witnessed at the end of the century, with personages as eminent and respected as Rudyard Kipling not only interested and involved with this but also writing about it in stories such as the mysterious ‘They’[7] and imagination came to be seen as connected to the divine and dislocated by Darwin’s discoveries, Forster wrote in 1910: ‘They collect facts and facts and empires of facts. But which of them will re-kindle the light within?’[8] However, the connection of facts with the denial of imagination had been discussed much earlier by the man who is above anyone the voice of the nineteenth century, Charles Dickens. In his novel of 1854, Hard Times, he demonstrates the denial of the importance of ‘fancy’ in Utilitarian educational methods and the pre-eminence of ‘facts’[9]. This he extends to the teaching methods used to train the teachers themselves: He and some one hundred and forty other schoolmasters had been lately turned at the same time, in the same factory, on the same principles, like so many pianoforte legs. He had been put through an immense variety of paces, and had answered volumes of head-breaking questions. [†¦] He had worked his stony way into Her Majestys most Honourable Privy Councils Schedule B, and had taken the bloom off the higher branches of mathematics and physical science, French, German, Latin and Greek. [†¦] Ah, rather overdone, MChoakumchild. If he had only learnt a little less, how infinitely better he might have taught much more![10] Dickens the radical is less appreciated now than in his own time, as in subsequent centuries he has come to be seen simply as a master-story teller, which of course he was. However, this is to deny the way that Dickens, as evidenced in this satirical swipe at the Utilitarian movement, used his immense popularity in the cause of social reform. Indeed, in the early years of Victoria’s reign, he published his second and third novels, Oliver Twist (1837-9) and Nicholas Nickleby (1838-9). The first of these was concerned with the effects of the infamous ‘Poor Law’ and the 1834 amendment. It was widely believed that the abuse of this injured rather than helped the poor and Dickens’ novel was intended to bring that to the notice of those who had the power to do something about it, as well as reaching the newly literate lower echelons and letting them know they had someone who would speak for them, that their story, as Dickens remarked in his Preface to the 1867 ed ition, from thieves to prostitutes, was a ‘TRUTH’ that ‘needed to be told’[11]. As his friend and first biographer remarked: His qualities could be appreciated as well as felt in an almost equal degree by all classes of his various readers.[12] Thus, as the novelist is known to have said, by making people care about one child, he might make them care about the many and this emanated from his own sufferings as a child alone in London when his father was imprisoned for debt in the infamous Marshalsea (which was to provide the setting for his later novel, Little Dorrit, 1857, though the six hundred year old prison closed in 1842) whence he was accompanied by his wife and younger children[13]. Dickens never spoke of the experience, save through his fiction, nor did he ever forget it. In Nicholas Nickleby and the creation of Dotheboys Hall, Dickens continued to exercise his creative power to bring to the attention of his readers the appalling social evil of the Yorkshire schools, whose abuses he remembered hearing of as a child and then investigated (whilst wearing a disguise) as part of his research for the novel. As the author said in his fragment of autobiography, ‘we should be devilish careful what we do to children’[14]. Dickens had a long memory and an acute social awareness and both are evident in Nickleby, as is the sheer exhilaration and appetite for life which had proved so popular in his first novel Pickwick Papers (1836-7). Moreover, Dickens was a successful reformer, commenting in his preface to the 1848 edition: This story was begun, within a few months after the publication of the completed Pickwick Papers. There were, then, a good many cheap Yorkshire schools in existence. There are very few now.[15] The fact is stated simply but the achievement was immense. The obverse of these schools, of course, was seen in Arnold’s pioneering work in reforming the public schools, as evidenced in Thomas Hughes’, Tom Brown’s Schooldays (1857). The issue of social and educational reform was one with which many novelists were concerned at this time, engaging with both the needs and desires of the weakest in society. Engels had identified this as ‘the social war, the war of each against all’[16] and he applied this as a generic to the multiplicity of industrial towns and cities: What is true of London, is true of Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, is true of all great towns. Everywhere barbarous indifference, hard egotism on one hand, and nameless misery on the other, everywhere social warfare, every mans house in a state of siege, everywhere reciprocal plundering under the protection of the law, and all so shameless, so openly avowed that one shrinks before the consequences of our social state as they manifest themselves here undisguised, and can only wonder that the whole crazy fabric still hangs together.[17] Engels’ work was published between September 1844 and March 1845 and had an immediate effect on not just those who were, if one may term it so, ‘declared radicals’, like himself, but also those like the deeply ‘respectable’ and widely respected writer Elizabeth Gaskell, whose first novel, Mary Barton, written in 1848, partly to assuage the pain of losing her child, deals largely with the poverty experienced by the poor in Manchester. Gaskell, encouraged by both her husband, the Ereverend William Gaskell, and Dickens, researched the conditions of the city in which she and William were then living. What she found horrified her and the reality of expression present within the novel can be seen in her powerful descriptions of the slum dwellings she had seen: Our friends were not dainty, but even they picked their way, till they got to some steps leading down to a small area, where a person standing would have his head about one foot below the level of the street, and might at the same time, without the least motion of his body, touch the window of the cellar and the damp muddy wall right opposite. You went down one step even from the foul area into the cellar in which a family of human beings lived. It was very dark inside. The window-panes many of them were broken and stuffed with rags, which was reason enough for the dusky light that pervaded the place even at mid-day. After the account I have given of the state of the street, no one can be surprised that on going into the cellar inhabited by Davenport, the smell was so foetid as almost to knock the two men down.[18] The importance of setting such descriptions in the context of fiction might be thought possibly to lessen its reality in the eyes of contemporary readers but nothing could be farther from the truth, as though few would be drawn to the admirable tracts of Engels, many were attracted to the vivid stories of such as Dickens and Gaskell. Indeed, Gaskell was careful always to ensure that her work did not offend those in power to the extent that she will qualify a passage on the uncaring attitude of the rich as perceived by the poor by adding placatory comments such as: I know that this is not really the case; and I know what is the truth in such matters: but what I wish to impress is what the workman feels and thinks.[19] The implied separation in comprehension may appear patronising by today’s standards but it must be remembered that Gaskell was truly attempting to do as she proclaimed, ‘impress’ the thoughts and feelings of ‘the workman’ on those in power in the hope it would aid reform. If she had been too directly challenging, they would simply not have read her works which would have defeated the object. Gaskell faced similar opposition in her second novel, Ruth, published in 1853, when she addressed the topic of an unmarried mother sympathetically, much too sympathetically for the liking of many, who felt she was undermining the perceived moral and religious mores of the time. The novel was thought to be based upon the true story of a girl called Pasley: In 1850 she took up the cause of a girl called Pasley whom she had come across in the New Bayley prison. In a long letter to Dickens, at that time involved in his emigration project for fallen women, she gives details of the case. Pasleys career exemplifies the dangers facing even a girl of respectable parentage who was neglected. The daughter of an Irish clergyman who had died when she was two, she had been neglected by an indifferent mother, and then placed in an orphanage, before becoming a dressmakers apprentice. Following a series of misfortunes for which she had not herself been responsible she had been seduced by her own doctor. The consequence had been first the Penitentiary and then a career of petty crime; finally, by an appalling stroke of coincidence, the poor girl had been confronted when in prison by her very seducer, now acting as prison surgeon.[20] Certainly, there are many similarities between the case of Pasley and that of Ruth and Gaskell’s clear intent is to show how difficult was the plight of girls in Ruth’s and Pasley’s situation. Gaskell successfully persuaded Dickens to intervene for Pasley and she emigrated but clearly the case was not forgotten by her as emblematic of the vulnerability of young girls in nineteenth century society. Indeed, she had already addressed the idea that prostitution was the usual fate of such girls in Mary Barton and the ‘petty crime’ to which she refers might certainly be euphemistically describing prostitution. Attitudes towards prostitution were far from sympathetic and much of the reforming work done at the time concerned not only changing conditions for prostitutes but also in improving the notorious double-standard which operated towards it, both then and now. The Contagious Diseases Acts of 1864, 1866, and 1869 to some extent reflect this. The Act was established to protect soldiers but had the coincidental effect of advancing the cause of women’s liberation: [†¦] legislation intended to protect members of the British armed forces from sexually transmitted diseases ended up galvanizing a major Victorian feminist movement in which working- and middle-class women worked together for a common cause.[21] Thus, it can be seen that Gaskell’s pre-emptive strike truly reflected the feelings of many that Victorian laws operated for the protection of men rather than women and that even though there were exceptions, such as Mill and Dickens, the latter of whom set up Urania Cottage as a refuge for ‘fallen women’, the vast majority of the population preferred simply to ignore the suffering and anguish of girls on the streets. Somewhat ironically, compassion towards prostitutes was stirred by the infamous ‘Whitechapel Murders’ of 1888-91, perpetrated by the still unidentified ‘Jack the Ripper’. Even for the so called ‘respectable’ working classes, indeed, in general conditions were appallingly bad, especially in the factories and sweatshops[22] which abounded both in London and elsewhere in the country: ‘The nineteenth century saw the Englishman turn town dweller and by 1900 three-quarters of the nation lived in towns’[23]. Bearing this in mind, it seems inevitable that conditions in these towns would be at best difficult and at worst unbearable (the infamous employment of children as, for example, chimney-sweeps, being evident in the work of such as the reformer Charles Kingsley who wrote The Water Babies in 1863 to expose this abuse). Thus, approaching the end of Victoria’s reign, the population was generally in a state of crisis. However, there was a discernable exception to this, in part, in the beginning of what we would now take to be an upwardly mobile meritocracy. Consisting largely of those persons concerned with ‘white-collar work’, the clerk for example, this section of society knew a growth and freedom such as never before. Possibly the best example of this is to be found in George and Weedon Grossmith’s The Diary of a Nobody, first published in Punch as a series of articles during 1888-9, in the form of a diary of the fictional Mr. Pooter. The highly amusing work is also an invaluable record of a new type of man emerging in Victorian society: My clear wife Carrie and I have just been a week in our new house, â€Å"The Laurels,† Brickfield Terrace, Holloway—a nice six-roomed residence, not counting basement, with a front breakfast-parlour. We have a little front garden; and there is a flight of ten steps up to the front door, which, by-the-by, we keep locked with the chain up. Cummings, Gowing, and our other intimate friends always come to the little side entrance, which saves the servant the trouble of going up to the front door, thereby taking her from her work. We have a nice little back garden which runs down to the railway. We were rather afraid of the noise of the trains at first, but the landlord said we should not notice them after a bit, and took  £2 off the rent. He was certainly right; and beyond the cracking of the garden wall at the bottom, we have suffered no inconvenience.[24] The Pooters encapsulate the image of a new class, living in their own home, employing a servant, having a garden and yet still retaining their parsimonious connective with their humbler origins; in many ways, the Pooters are the future. In conclusion, it may be remarked that the Victorian era saw the greatest period of change that had ever been seen. Industrial development saw riches and poverty in unequal measure; improvements were made in nursing and social concerns but the population mostly remained in poverty and both ill-nourished and inadequately cared for in terms of health; the trains united the country but the rural population was fragmented and the urban largely in dire circumstances; schooling was expanded and literacy improved but the standard of education was at best questionable; the Empire flourished but its members across the seas were mostly downtrodden, subjugated and rebellious: in short, to quote Dickens’ famous opening to A Tale of Two Cities (1859), ‘it was the best of times and the worst of times’. It is extremely difficult to assess, in the final analysis, whether the end of Victoria’s reign saw her people in a better or worse condition than when her reign began but certainly, the single most important development seen was the opportunity for change. In this sense if no other, the population was better off at the end of the long nineteenth century than at the beginning of it. However, the war that was about to devastate Europe brought apocalyptic changes which could never have been envisaged and certainly Tennyson’s famous reference in ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ (1854) to the fact that ‘Some one had blunderd’ would take on a profoundly disturbing resonance from which the world over which Victoria presided would never recover. Truly, 1914 brought more than just the end of an era it brought the end of Victorian mores and the expectations of the population would alter radically, with revolution, such as occurred in Russia in 1917, a perpetual possibility, especially with the growth of the unions and the Socialist Party, which wiped out the Liberals. Victoria’s reign was not just one age but many and as such, like most eras, was both good and bad. Bibliography Ackroyd, Peter. Dickens. London: Guild Publishing, 1990. Beer, Gillian. Darwin’s Plots. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Davis, Philip. The Victorians. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Cobbet, William. Rural Rides. New York: Cosimo Classics, 2004. Darwin, Charles. The Origin of Species. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Dickens, C. Oliver Twist. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999 Dickens, Charles. Hard Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Eliot, George. Adam Bede. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Eliot, George. The Lifted Veil. London: Virago Press, 1985, Englels, F. The Condition of the Working class in England (1844) http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/condition-working-class/index.htm> Forster, E.M. Howards End. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987. Forster, J. The Life of Charles Dickens in Two Volumes. London: J.M. Dent, 1980. Hardy, F.E. The Life of Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan, 1962. Hughes, Thomas. Tom Browns School Days. New York: Harper Brothers,1911. Gaskell, Elizabeth. Mary Barton. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993. Gaskell, Elizabeth. Ruth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Grossmith, G M. The Diary of a Nobody. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Kipling, Rudyard. Kim. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1918. Kipling, Rudyard. Traffics and Dicoveries. New York: Charles Scribner Sons. Langland, Elizabeth. Nobodys Angels: Middle-Class Women and Domestic Ideology in Victorian Culture. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995. Lawrence, D.H. The Rainbow. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Lightman, Bernard, ed. Victorian Science in context. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. Maltus, Thomas. Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), 29.11.08. http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/malthus/index.htm> Mathias, P. The first Industrial Nation. London: Routledge, 2001. Mayhew, Henry. The Unknown Mayhew. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971. Mill, J.S. The Subjection of Women. New York: Prometheus, 1986. Roberts, F. David. The Social Conscience of the Early Victorians. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002. Smiles, Samuel, Self Help. 29.11.08 http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext97/selfh10h.htm> Smiles, Samuel. Industrial Biography: Iron-Workers and Tool-Makers. Boston: Ticknor and Fields,1864. Sturt, George. Change in the Village. London: Caliban Books, 1984. Thompson, Flora. Lark Rise to Candleford. London: Penguin, 2008. The Victorian Web. accessed 30.11.08. http://www.victorianweb.org/gender/contagious.html> Worthen, John. D H Lawrence. The Early Years 1885-1912. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 1 Footnotes [1] For more on the idea of changes and loss of traditions see: Sturt, George. Change in the Village. London: Caliban Books, 1984. (First published in 1912.) [2] Eliot, George. Adam Bede. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 12. [3] See: Mill, J.S. The Subjection of Women. New York: Prometheus, 1986. [4] Darwin, Charles. The Origin of Species. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. [5] Hardy, F.E. The Life of Thomas Hardy. London: Macmillan, 1962, p. 310. [6] Eliot, George. The Lifted Veil. 1878. London: Virago Press, 1985, p. 26. [7] Kipling, Rudyard. Traffics and Dicoveries. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1904, p. 337. [8] Forster, E.M. Howards End. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987, p. 43. [9] Dickens, C. Hard Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 8-9. [10] Dickens, C. Hard Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 10. [11] Dickens, C. Oliver Twist. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, Preface, p. xx. [12] Forster, J. The Life of Charles Dickens in Two Volumes. London: J.M. Dent, 1980, vol. I, p. 83. [13] Forster, J. The Life of Charles Dickens in Two Volumes. London: J.M. Dent, 1980. [14] Forster, J. The Life of Charles Dickens in Two Volumes. London: J.M. Dent, 1980. [15] Dickens, C. Nicholas Nickleby. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, Preface to the 1848 Edition, Lii. [16] Englels, F. The Condition of the Working class in England (1844): 29.11.08. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/condition-working-class/index.htm> [17] Englels, F. The Condition of the Working class in England (1844): 29.11.08. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/condition-working-class/index.htm> [18] Gaskell, Elizabeth. Mary Barton. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993, pp. 79-80. [19] Gaskell, Elizabeth. Mary Barton. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993, p. 49. [20] See Alan Shelston’s introduction to: Gaskell, Elizabeth. Ruth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. vii-viii. [21] See: ‘The Contagious Diseases Act’, accessed 30.11.08. http://www.victorianweb.org/gender/contagious.html> [22] See: Mayhew, Henry. The Unknown Mayhew. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971. [23] Mathias, P. The First Industrial Nation. London: Routledge, 2001, p. 226. [24] Grossmith, G M. The Diary of a Nobody. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 3.

David Copperfield :: essays research papers

David Copperfield The novel David Copperfield, written by Charles Dickens, deals with the life and times of David Copperfield. About a century ago in a small town in England, David was born on a Friday at the stroke of midnight, which is considered a sign of bad luck. David's father has already died and his aunt comes to stay with him and his mother as this novel gets off to a very slow start. Soon David becomes aware that his mother has relations with another man and asks one of his servants, "if you marry a person, and the person dies, why then you may marry another person, mayn't you?" David is immediately angered that his mother has betrayed his father and goes off to live with his aunt. A while later, David goes back home but quickly gets into trouble and is sent off to school. Dickens uses excellent description in his telling of this story and the reader can easily relate to the characters. The setting of a small town in England is standard in all of his novels, including Great Expectations. The reason for this Dickens' setting is because he was born in the town of Portsmouth, England in 1812. Although as a young child he moved to Chatham where he experienced a pleasant childhood in which many scenes from his childhood are intertwined throughout his novels. Dickens father was constantly in debt and was eventually sent to jail. This memory was agonizing for young Charles as years later he wrote: "No words can express the secret agony of my soul. I felt my early hopes of growing up to be a learned and distinguished man, crushed in my breast." This directly relates to Dickens discussion of David in a wine house later in the novel. A couple of years later, Dickens attends school at the Wellington House Academy where he fell in love with Maria Beadnell but her father opposed the marriage and nothing became of it. David Copperfield is more of a biography of Dickens life made into fiction than of just a regular story about a boy. Dickens writing skills are apparent as he ties chapters together in an easy to understand novel where the writing seems to move along swiftly. Dickens work is rich with metaphors and enjoyable to analyze as in statements such as, "he eats at one gulp exactly like an elephant." This book is a classic and may be considered his best work. There are times when the novel moves slowly, but the positives outweigh the negatives and David